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Biological evolution is a process of continuous transformation of species through changes in successive generations. It manifests as a change in allele frequencies in the population and is made possible by genetic replacement of the species in each generation of individuals. On the one hand, generates random genetic mutations and recombinations, and secondly, the needs of the environment involved on many different phenotypes appeared generation after generation, leaving only those variables of a high adaptive weight. In biology and under the laws of genetics, when the sequence of a gene in the general population exceeds 1% is not considered a random mutation, but a mutation that has been positively selected during evolution by providing an advantage to increase the chances of survival of the group.


disorder attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavior disorder of childhood, a genetic basis, which involves many factors are causing neuropsychological disorders in children attention, impulsivity and motor overactivity. This is a generic problem of lack of control, with broad implications for their development, learning ability and social adjustment.

There are several theories to explain the symptoms of ADHD, but none of them explains the full spectrum of symptoms of the disorder. We know that ADHD is a complex disorder, in which polygenic factors play an important role in modulating the expression of the same, the combination of several of these mutations and interaction with other environmental factors, perinatal and psychosocial factors. However, despite this and the great social and economic impact of ADHD, some authors suggest that it is unclear whether this is a disorder or a common variant of human behavior (temperament).

Major advances in the study of ADHD and genetics, observed in many recent studies, led to the development both strong genetic association disorder and its permanence over time. We might ask: why children with ADHD do not decrease over time? We know that human behavioral characteristics can be selected as a trait genetically advantageous and given the high prevalence (5-10%) and extension of ADHD throughout the world, it is unlikely that a 'disorder' to be so common in humans if not has been positively selected.

The mutation of the repeat DRD4 allele 7, which is the most studied candidate gene in ADHD is the gene mutation has been described as positively selected. The architecture of the mutation, its distribution world and its prevalence in the different genres suggest that appeared as a mutation in the Upper Paleolithic and frequency has increased beyond what was expected by chance. It has been suggested that the presence of DRD4-7R, which would result in individuals with rapid response that would be selected in times of scarcity of resources in critical conditions or rapidly changing, and that this 'rapid response' of adaptation might have played a role in the exodus from Africa to Europe and Asia. There is speculation that these great changes contributed to the emergence and subsequent positive selection of DRD4-7R. This model would also help explain the current unusual geographic distribution of DRD4-7R allele, which is low in more stable populations such as Asia, but higher in populations with high migration influence in America.

The presence of this mutation DRD4-7R, therefore, is linked to exploratory behavior, increased the search for novel stimuli and risk behaviors. Throughout evolution, the behavior of ADHD has been associated with a rapid response to predators, hunting for better performance, greater capacity for mobility (more immigration), and greater reproducibility, traits that could provide a selective advantage group. The arguments that ADHD is an adaptation rely in:

- is a disorder inherited.

- is very heterogeneous and highly polygenic.

- impulsivity in ADHD is reduced in adulthood, when the cost of losing a person is maximum.

- is more common in sex with the lowest level of parental investment.

- Limited to a small minority, but common enough to be present in every geography.

- Presents a normal distribution of severity in the population.

The most accepted hypothesis of the evolutionary theory of ADHD is that it is a side effect a combination of alleles that are usually helpful, but in a certain combination or high frequency resulting in significant dysfunction in the individual. The point is that a trait that can be bad for one person may be good for the general population. For example, some people with ADHD to become criminals, but if other individuals with ADHD are bright inventors can change the course of history and enhance the employability of the population, the genes for ADHD are favored by natural selection.

The anachronism of ADHD is that apparently beneficial traits in the past, unfavorable results in today's society, what once was an adaptive response now considered a disorder. However, evolutionary theory support the concept of positive selection on populations, not individuals. . ADHD, as well as an advantage in the past for some types of societies (hunter, nomad ...), would be an advantage for the species if we accept the idea that the physical and social risk an individual may represent the group's survival.

may be that ADHD traits involve more dysfunctional now, but perhaps we should consider this approach not only when further research, but also the time to redefine what kind of education and should help to people with ADHD in the final analysis, the role of parents and educators should be to develop the potential of the child, taking into account their individual characteristics.

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MARK HUNTER AND SPORT attention deficit disorder (II)

often spoken of the benefits of sport for losniños with ADHD, sport apart from the physical benefits psicológicosy brings benefits so often faster and more durable than any therapy oreeducación.

But we must not forget that sport is the practicainstitucionalizada of exercise and that includes following denormas and guidelines and the relationship with the social environment and if we have ADHD the sport prácticade is also a source of conflict and can also become negative enalgo the child refuses to do. And often when a sport becomes a problem, people with ADHD goes from playing a sport not hacernada.

So we should not forget that more important than practicarun sport is exercise. exercise also increases the flujosanguíneo the brain, stimulating the release of compounds ElCerebro loves, including growth factors and substance conocidacomo brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes elcrecimiento of new brain cells (neurons). These sustanciasmantener the brain functioning at peak efficiency. The ejercicioregular is a natural antidepressant. The training periods, elevanlos blood levels of endorphins, natural opiates that reduce eldolor while increasing the feeling of wellbeing.

Exercise activates the production of protein, fat and eliminaciónde toxins, improves body coordination and self-esteem feel better taking the form, increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which controls feelings of reward, motivation and attention.

This means we have to think of exercise suchas essential component of treatment and the practice of a sport is conflicting strategies seek to do ejerciciofísico.

Exercise is the physical laactividad scheduled practice, so it is not swimming or biking or skating, even walking a half hour a day of brisk activity is físicaexcelente. But if we look for improvements, physical activity has estarprogramada.

But let us not despair nor become despondent obsessed with másnegativos cases. The final important is physical activity and as I dichocaminar half hour is an excellent way to start, walk!, Physical theexercise has to be fun, let's play! To motivate, unbosque explore!

Exercise is essential for a person with TDAHpero we create the habit of parents and if your child is not only physical exercise our responsibility.

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View: DISORDERS OF ATTENTION AND SPORT (I)

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Attention Disorder Why is the controversy?

In the past 30 years has greatly improved typing with the identification of ADHD core symptoms, criteriosdiagnósticos operational use, the detection of a component genetic etiology, andthe existence of effective drug treatments. Today

little doubt about their existence comotrastorno causing a serious deterioration of academic performance, work, and social.Desde psychological point of view as there is an established cuadroclínico (DSM-IV) clearly identifiable and that persists largodel time. From the medical point of view as they have been detected and neuroimaging alteracionesneuropsicológicas well as metabolismoo dysfunctions in cerebral blood flow of dopamine in these patients, and from laclínica as there is a specific pharmacological treatment that works. Ysola enlightened few dare to question their existence.

constantly

But note that although there is unanimity among the psiquiatrasque investigate on ADHD and there is international consensus on elTDAH and its treatment, this disorder remains controversial among both professionals "saludmental" as in the media, which continues to negatively affect the life delas with ADHD and people around them.

I think the logical thing would be to accept resultsshow which are corroborated by research and studies haysobre theme and underlying medical consensus. And more if it is health deprofesionales engaged in clinical practice (léasediagnostico and treatment).

So I can not understand that there are still psychologists, therapists, educators, etc.Que continue to reject this consensus and questioning the erroneous theories defend científicospara facts, unscientific or obsolete. Or do you?

concern is that some parents, confundididos or frightened, reject undiagnostico issued by a child psychiatrist, refused to give his son regard to the Treaty recommended by the Ministry of Health and Social Security and alternative therapies Seagarr, doing the best perderunos cases years of treatment to your child's most important stage, that of Underdevelopment.

But while studies continue to slow, you can not fool all the people all eltiempo.

And you?

"you carry your child to a therapist who is deacuerdocon ode international medical consensus which even continues to believe that the problem your child is due to laeducacion or food or the grandmother smoked too much?

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ETIOLOGY OF ADHD AND ADHD


SUMMARY:

Under the current consensus of the international medical community, the l ADHD appears as a heterogeneous clinical syndrome inherited, associated with catecholaminergic hypofunction in prefrontal brain regions and cortical and subcortical factors environmental issues which may determine the clinical significance of it.
is a chronic syndrome that begins in the children whose symptoms persist throughout the life cycle. It is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders in childhood and adolescence. Affects approximately 5-10% of children worldwide and frequently, symptoms persist into adulthood. The latest edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) describes the symptoms of the disorder into two groups: inattention and impulsivity-hyperactivity. The presence or absence of these gives rise to three subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive and combined. ADHD also shows a high comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, including disorders mood and anxiety disorders, oppositional defiant disorder or learning disabilities, still common for people diagnosed with ADHD have at least one of them.


GENETIC STUDIES:
Family studies conducted with clinical samples of parents and children with ADHD established that the risk of developing the disorder if one parent suffers is 57%.
Studies in monozygotic twins provide a concordance of the disorder up to 90%, the more severe the more consistent. Despite the high heritability of the disorder to study the genetics of ADHD has been complicated because it is not labeled by a single pair of alleles but by a combination of genes that determine membership in one of the three subtypes and individual differences in the clinical expression of the disorder. So although the symptoms of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD) manifest relatively stable, lasting from childhood and persist throughout the life of the individual, allowing the diagnosis. The provider, some or other symptoms and even the degree to which they are presented depends on the different possible combinations of genes, giving rise to three subtypes (inattentive, hyperactive and combined) and individual differences among individuals in each subtype. They also found genetic links to disorders such as autistic spectrum disorders, psychosis, epilepsy, OCD, etc. In addition it is also a positively correlated with intelligence (people with ADHD often have a high CI) and left-handedness, but because a few studies, the data are not conclusive.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS:

Although there have been many environmental factors (both biological and psychosocial)
related to attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD), not biological factors (toxemia, eclampsia, poor maternal health, younger age maternal, fetal age postmadura, prolonged labor, fetal distress, low birth weight, antepartum haemorrhage, alcohol, tobacco, etc.) or psychosocial factors (severe marital discord, low social class, extended family, parental criminality, maternal mental disorder and non-family foster care of children, etc..) or any combination thereof has been shown to cause necessary and / or sufficient for the manifestation of the disorder.
These factors tend to emerge as universal predictors of adaptability and mental health, and in some cases (parental criminality, family conflict, low social class, alcohol consumption and drug abuse, domestic violence, etc.). Concordance be interpreted as due to the presence in the parents of symptoms and disorders similar to those found in their children. And alert parental presence of the disorder. Never as a cause of ADHD. BEHAVIORAL COMORVIDADES

:

But the study of environmental factors and family dysfunction present in children with this condition has revealed its important role in the development of symptoms, and the emergence of comorbid behavioral disorder (oppositional defiant disorder Conduct). In fact, psychosocial factors are always more general psychopathological risk that a particular risk of suffering a certain pathology neurolobiologica.
These psychosocial factors (deprived urban areas, places of poverty, malnutrition, social exclusion, poor care pre-and postnatal, family problems, alcohol and drug consumption, violence, etc..) favor the development of psychosocial disorders and contribute to its development and perpetuation. Similarly, half disorganized or highly dysfunctional school also causes a deterioration in the conduct of any child and increased school failure.
addition, studies of families of children with ADHD have resulted in a more intrusive
parenting style, controlling and disapproving than in healthy children, that negative parenting style is normally a consequence, a response to the child's symptoms. Thus, the symptoms of the child can lead parents to confidence in their ability, resulting in their stress, social isolation, feelings of guilt and depression. The impact on the children themselves, in their emotional development and self-esteem, creating a vicious cycle of negative interactions and feelings of failure that will perpetuate the family difficulties and symptomatic manifestations of ADHD. These factors contribute to the onset of comorbid disorders associated with ADHD. The same cycle can appear in the relationship between teachers with the child in the school context, with similar consequences.
In fact, some studies referred to the continuity of what
hyperactive behavior during development and, However, the maintenance of oppositional behaviors, is related in part to the use, by parents, excessive orders and criticism by adopting a management style hypercontrol and intrusive. Normally parental style ostensibly to improve the effectiveness of psychostimulants in improving the child's symptoms.

Pathophysiology:
The pattern of cognitive deficits and behavioral abnormalities found in children with ADHD
involves executive and cognitive functions in a manner similar to that seen in adults with frontal lobe damage, suggesting a frontal cortex dysfunction and / or functionally related regions.
Most structural studies (either computed axial tomography, or nuclear magnetic resonance
) find some evidence of structural abnormalities in the brains
patients studied in the right frontal cortex and basal ganglia which supports the idea of fronto-subcortical syndrome. Most functional studies (PET, SPECT and functional MRI) are also made dysfunctions in the metabolism or cerebral blood flow in these areas in these patients. Related to dopamine. However, ADHD is not only characterized by excessive motor activity and cognitive problems. People with ADHD often suffer from other difficulties pueden estar relacionadas con el desarrollo motor –retraso en la coordinación motora–, el lenguaje –retraso en la internalización del habla–, el rendimiento escolar –repetición de cursos académicos–, la motivación –necesidad de actuar con refuerzos inmediatos– o la emoción –excesiva reactividad emocional– Estas dificultades, incluidas las relacionadas con el afecto, son consideradas actualmente por el DSM-IV como ‘características asociadas o secundarias’, ya que se relacionarían o estarían generadas por los síntomas diagnósticos del síndrome: inatención, hiperactividad e impulsividad.
Recientes estudios observaron that children with ADHD had
serious difficulties in processing emotional information not only for their general cognitive limitations, but also a primary disability in the recognition and understanding of expressions. And although the deficits in emotional regulation is not currently one of the diagnostic symptoms of ADHD, various theoretical proposals suggest that a fundamental aspect of ADHD. These emotional and motivational processes also have a strong neurobiological basis probably caused by the dysfunction of three related neural circuits: frontostriatal, frontocerebelar and frontolímbico. The first two were involved in cognitive control processes (response inhibition, working memory, temporal information processing, etc..), while the third would be involved in mood regulation processes (approach avoidance behavior to emotional events or situations).

CONCLUSIONS:

symptomatic due to the heterogeneity of ADHD is difficult to explain by only one of the theories about it and still lack information on the genetics of it and even if you know some of the key genetic markers, studies continue because the known open yet to fully explain this heterogeneity, as happens to the pathophysiology, functional studies (PET, SPECT and functional MRI) are limited due to high cost, so even not be considered as final although all multi-causal models describe ADHD as a result of a number of anomalies in the neural circuitry underlying the one hand, the cognitive control processes, and the other to the affective processes, such abnormalities are genetically inherited and environmental influence in its clinical expression would be the same as for any healthy person in the development of his personality or character.

Bibliography:

This article is based on the studies and articles in the following authors and is intended as a summary of current knowledge about what is ADHD. But the investigations are open and as in recent years much has been achieved in understanding the neurobiological syndrome can not yet say that knowledge of ADHD is complete.

- Herreros, O., Rubio B., Sánchez, F., Gracia, R. (Rev Psiquiatr ADHD Child-Juv 2002) J.
Albert, S. López-Martín, A. Fernández-Jaén b, L. Carretié (EMOTIONAL DISORDERS IN THE ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER / HYPERACTIVITY: EXISTING DATA AND ISSUES OPEN)
- Yolanda Martínez Ortega, Rosa Bosch Muns, Montserrat Gomà-i-Freixanet, Sergi Ventura Valero, Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga, Mariana Nogueira yMiguel Brugué Homes. (Variable Differential personality subtypes of ADHD in adulthood.)
- Julio Cesar Flores Lázaro (Characteristics of comorbidity in the different subtypes of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity)
- Ant Josep Ramos Quiroga (ADHD in adults, genetic factors, diagnosis and treatment)
- Thomas E. Brown, Ph.D. (Manual of complications from attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity in children and adults).

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LATERALITY

Although I have already talked about it when I wrote about loszurdos, lately I can still see often this term or the cross-laterality, comotrastorno used as an alternative diagnosis made by psychologists, children unpsiquiatra to diagnosed with ADHD and parents that many times miedoa medication or the rejection that comes with admitting that your child has a chronic neurobiological untrastorno no cure, in their search for undiagnostico kinder or "therapy" more "natural" better than just accepting that its hijotiene TDAH y se tendrá que medicar posiblemente toda su vida.

Empezare por el principio, lateralidad tenemos todos losseres humanos y siempre es cruzada, eso quiere decir que a diferencia de losdemás animales y aunque en realidad los dos hemisferios funcionan juntos. Unodomina sobre el otro y lleva la voz cantante de las funciones motoras. Pero sesabe que aunque distinguimos entre zurdos y diestros la cosa tampoco es tansimple ya que aunque la mayoría de la gente es diestra y un 10% son zurdos  ni todos los zurdos son zurdos ni todos losdiestros son diestros, ya que aunque lo mas frecuente es que una persona queutiliza el lado derecho tiene dominancia del hemisferio izquierdo y viceversa.También hay personas que siendo su hemisferio utilizanel dominant left and back left handedness thus would not cross.

In any case the main problem is that as todoesta thought to be the right hand side izquierdoconlleva use more difficult and any delay in the aprendizajepsicomotriz, but psychomotor problems can have both unoscomo the other and all they require is support, time and patience.

The other issue to consider is that the two hemispheres have different performance funcionesdiferentes and what makes people condominancia left hemisphere (right handed) are something other than chipped with right hemispheric dominance (the left-handed) with which laconducta or behavior or thinking or skills will be algodiferentes and a penchant for seeing things in a maneradeductiva and other inductive, some are more visual and other masauditivos, some were set more on the details and others at all, etc. (You can see a picture of the differences in toMy blog post "How do you think lefties?" ).

Beyond that under no circumstances cataloganinguna psychiatry these differences or characteristics or difficulties as a DSM-IV trastornoy not seen as being left-handed or disorder, or lateraridad, whether or not cross. And all unniño required to have more difficulty in learning due to their status as skilled zurdoo more time, patience and support. Losúnicos defending the position of the lateral cross as a disorder that dedicanprofesionalmente whichare themselves to solve it and make therapies that are supposed to "cure" and everything written on this course have written esosmismos disorder "specialists."